Popper-Kuhn-Rawls

a) Why aren't all true beliefs justified?
True beliefs aren't justify because we will get into an infinite regress, where we will need another idea to prove the first idea and a third idea to prove the second one and so on... Another reason is that general theories can be proved but not disapproved, that means if a theory or a belief can;t be tested then we can;t argue if it is real or not, like the existence of God.

b) What is anti-foundationalist?
An anti-foundationalist is a person who thinks there's no certainty, specially in science where it is totally impossible to prove somethings right and they will rather focus on falsifictionism where it will be easier and better to find the mistakes of ways to prove wrong an idea or theory an try to find ways to fix it.

c) Why is it easier to falsify a statement that to verify it?
It is easier specially in science to find the mistakes on a theory so you can find the ways to make it better than trying to verify it like the example of the aliens where it will be easier to recover the knowledge when we already have a base (like the books) than trying to start from zero again , so it is easier to find the points where something can be proven wrong and find new ways to replace the old theory than verifying it, also because science maybe be kind of subjective some times because the point of view of the scientists.

d) What reasons does the article in The Economist give for doubtful quality of much published scientific research today? How is falsificationism related to this problem?
They said the the quality of the articles published and its facts had decline, that many of them are just proven to be wrong and the majority are like just experiments which are known for being trust but not enough verified, so these is related to falsification because the published papers are not being good enough for science, there hat been proven wrong because mistakes have been found on those researches just like falsification, a mistake has to be found to fix it and make the research better,

e) How is this statement for the article related to Popper's views? "[Science's] privileged status is founded on the capacity to be right most of the time and to correct its mistakes when it gets things wrong."
Scientist have been recognize for finding answers to questions of our world, creating theories to explain us the origin of things, and using different experiments and doing a good research we learn from their discoveries, but another thing that has been seen for a really long time is that those theories have some gaps that have to be filled, like the theories of the universe where astronomers have correct it and the new theory is more exact than the older one (falsificationism).

f) What is an open society?
An open society is a society where everyone has the right to take personal deceptions and the common wealth but not like communism, in these point of view everything has to bring something good to the society, although everyone has the right to be equal there are some cases where the rule can be broken like the example of the doctor, they do win more money that other people in a society but everybody needs a doctor, so as long as he brings good to the society, it will be okay if he wins more than the rest.

g) What is a paradigm shift?
Is an idea that is accepted through, and after some time, like when you have a theory but it's been proven that somethings can be fixed or it changes at all, but the new idea need time to be accepted, not everybody always agrees with changing an idea and moving to another just because somebody said it is wrong, so a paradigm shift is like a change of model or idea.

h) What is distributive justice?

Theory based on the concern of justice distribution of primary goods like rights liberty and money (things that rational people will want to have), and the members of these society have to be conscious about their needs, they must be motivated to search moral principals and be rational

i) What is the veil of ignorance?
An hypothetical state of freedom and equality that makes takes the people to a state of ignorant of their characteristics, like class, race, intelligence and background, but they rational, capable of the sense of justice and know they need primary goods, even though they may not know which ones.

j)Why did John Rawls need the veil of ignorance for this thought experiment?
So society can be sure to reconsidere what they really need and don;t by letting them in a state of ignorance in which they have to choose what will be the best of them and really care about the principles of justice.